گردآورنده :
محمد قاسمي
تاريخ انتشار :
23 / 03 / 1386
سومين فهرست و چكيده شماري از مقالات مندرج در وب سايت هاي معتبر رشته علوم ارتباطات و روزنامه نگاري در دوره زماني آوريل – اوت 2007 منتشر شد.
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فهرست مقالات مرتبط با ارتباطات
1-Futures research, communication and the use of information and communication technology in households in 2010: a reassessment
Harry Bouwman
Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, H.Bouwman@tbm.tudelft.nl
Patrick Van Der Duin
Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, p.vanderduin@tbm.tudelft.nl
New Media & Society
June 2007, Volume 9, No. 3
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/3/379
Communication studies pay little attention to futures research, while there is a lack of communication knowledge in futures research.This article discusses the function of futures research and ways to embed domain knowledge in predictions. First, it looks at futures research in relation to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in households in 2010. Second, it incorporates communication knowledge based on the vision of experts. It is interested in the ways in which the contextual factors of the adoption and use of ICT can be taken into account. Scenarios take social changes, political and regulatory trends into account and draw alternative, divergent pictures of a future context within which the adoption, domestication, use and effects of new technologies will take place.Through the use of scenarios different contexts can be described in which the impact of specific technologies can be analysed, making use of the know-how of communication scholars.
Key Words: adoption • communication theory • domestication • futures research • households • ICT • ICT use
2-Effects of Geographic Distribution on Dominance Perceptions in Computer-Mediated Groups
1 June 2007; Vol. 34, No. 3
Jorge Peña
University of Texas at Austin, jorge.pena@mail.utexas.edu
Joseph B. Walther
Michigan State University, East Lansing
Jeffrey T. Hancock
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Communication Research
1 June 2007; Vol. 34, No. 3
http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/3/313?etoc
This study examined how the geographic distribution of group members affected dominance perceptions in a field experiment involving 65 computer-mediated groups communicating over a 2-week period. Dominance perceptions were more extreme when group members did not share a geographic location (distributed groups) than when they did (collocated groups). Collocated groups showed greater convergence between self and partner dominance perceptions than distributed groups, suggesting more symmetrical perceptions. More symmetrical groups exhibited more attraction and cohesion than less symmetrical groups. These results lend some support to recent models of computer-mediated communication that take into consideration the social psychological processes involved in distributed work and run counter to studies suggesting status equalization in mediated group collaboration.
Key Words: computer-mediated communication • dominance • virtual groups • distributed work • impression formation • social information processing • hyperpersonal model • symmetry
3-Framing Immigration and Integration
Relationships between Press and Parliament in the Netherlands
Rens Vliegenthart
Department of Social-Cultural Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, r.vliegenthart@fsw.vu.nl
Conny Roggeband
Department of Culture, Organization and Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, cm.roggeband@fsw.vu.nl
International Communication Gazette
1 June 2007; Vol. 69, No. 3
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/69/3/295
This article examines how the salience and framing of political issues in the press and in parliament influence each other and how this salience and framing is influenced by key events outside the media and parliamentary realms. The case focused on is the debate on immigration and integration in the Netherlands between 1995 and 2004. The empirical analyses are based on a computer-assisted content analysis of both parliamentary documents and newspaper articles. Results show bidirectional causal relationships between media and parliament. In the case of salience only long-term influence relationships are found, while framing influences follow an interesting pattern: an increase in the use of a frame in one arena leads to an increase in the other arena only if this frame has already been used regularly in the latter arena. External events have more considerable and consistent impact on issue salience and framing in both arenas.
Key Words: framing • immigration and integration • Netherlands • parliament • press • VAR analyses
4-Constructing Theories of Change
Methods and Sources
Paul Mason
University of Birmingham, UK, p.mason.l@bham.ac.uk
Marian Barnes
University of Brighton, UK, Marian.Barnes@brighton.ac.uk
Evaluation
April 2007, Volume 13, No. 2
http://evi.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/151
Theories of Change' has proved a popular approach for both evaluators and commissioners of complex social programmes, but the ways in which theories of change (ToC) evaluations have been implemented show considerable variation. This article draws on the ongoing work of the National Evaluation of the Children's Fund (NECF) and argues that the literature which discusses the ToC approach has neglected the process by which theories of change are constructed by stakeholders (and the implications of this for evaluation), while consistently describing such theories as `underdeveloped'. The authors argue that programme theory evaluations have relied on a process that emphasizes the importance of obtaining clarity at the outset, but that the detail of such theories and their implementation can only be obtained over time. An alternative approach is outlined, which the authors argue allows for a better understanding of programme theory, and hence knowledge and learning, to emerge.
Key Words: evaluation • programme theory • theory of change
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با رسانه هاي جمعي
1-Reciprocal Effects: Toward a Theory of Mass Media Effects on Decision Makers
Hans Mathias Kepplinger
Institut für Publizistik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Colonel-Kleinmann-Weg 2, D-55099 Mainz, kepplinger@uni-mainz.de
The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics
1 April 2007; Vol. 12, No. 2
http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/2/3?etoc
The article presents a framework for the analysis of reciprocal effects of mass media—in this case, their impact on subjects of media reports, especially on decision makers in areas of politics and business. It outlines a feedback model with three sets of variables referring to (1) media coverage and media as institutions, (2) awareness and processing of information, and (3) observable effects on subjects and others.The article presents several theories that explain effects on decision makers and illustrate the relevance of this approach with empirical data from a broad range of quantitative studies. In the final section, theoretical and methodological problems of such an approach are discussed.
Key Words: theories of media effects • indirect effects of media coverage • effects on media subjects • effects on interaction of cognition • emotion • and behavior
2-Monsters and angels
Visual press coverage of child murders in the USA and UK, 1930—2000
Claire Wardle
Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies. Address: School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University, Bute Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK, wardlec@cf.ac.uk
Journalism
August 2007, Volume 8, No. 3
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/263
The crime of child murder is considered the most heinous and least comprehensible of all violent crimes. This study examines the visual representation of 12 high profile child abductions and murders in broadsheet and tabloid newspapers from two countries over a 70-year time frame. The body of coverage produced almost 1000 images and these were examined using a content analysis of the individual subjects of these photographs, followed by a qualitative analysis of the main patterns which emerged. The study produced two expected findings: that the coverage has become increasingly visual, and that the visuals were overwhelmingly `personal'. Within these overarching patterns, it was clear that the content of the visuals has changed over the three decades studied (the 1930s, 1960s and 1990s). In the earlier decades the visuals emphasized the role of the criminal justice system in capturing the perpetrators and bringing them to justice. In the 1990s there was a far greater focus on the victims' families, as well as the emotional responses of society as a whole: both grief for the child, and anger towards their killers and the authorities which `enabled' them to offend. I explore these changes and the possible impact this visual coverage could have on public understanding of this crime, those who commit it, and how we treat them.
Key Words: children • crime • historical • newspapers • paedophilia • photographs
3-Problem gambling on the internet: implications for internet gambling policy in North America
Robert T. Wood
University of Lethbridge, Canada, robert.wood@uleth.ca
Robert J. Williams
University of Lethbridge, Canada, robert.williams@uleth.ca
New Media & Society
June 2007, Volume 9, No. 3
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/3/520
The proportion of North American gamblers who choose to gamble on the internet is increasing at a dramatic rate. Unfortunately, however, relatively little is known about the characteristics of these individuals or their propensity for problem gambling. Past studies predict that internet gamblers are especially at risk for developing gambling problems and that a substantial proportion of them already can be properly classified as problem gamblers. This article investigates this issue using data collected from an internet-based survey administered to 1920 American, Canadian and international internet gamblers. Confirming predictions of a relationship between internet gambling and problem gambling, it finds that 42.7 percent of the internet gamblers in the sample can be classified as problem gamblers. In light of the findings, and bearing in mind the recommendations made by other gambling researchers, it concludes with a discussion of issues and cautions for governments to heed when crafting internet gambling policies.
Key Words: addiction • Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) • gambling • gaming • internet • North America • online • policy • problem
4-How Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Interact in Selectivity: Investigating the Moderating Effects of Situational Information Processing Goals in Issue Publics' Web Behavior
Young Mie Kim
The Ohio State University, Columbus
Communication Research
1 April 2007; Vol. 34, No. 2
http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/2/185?etoc
By employing a unique methodological tool that combines
individual-level Web behavior data with survey data, this study explored the effects of two levels of motivations on online information selection and candidate evaluation in an actual election campaign: the moderating effects of situational information processing goals (i.e., extrinsic motivation) on the selectivity and candidate evaluation of members of issue publics (i.e., intrinsic motivation). The results suggest that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, and more importantly the interplay of the two, exert significant influences on online political information consumption and candidate evaluation. When the accuracy goal was promoted, issue publics extended their search beyond the issue domains of their personal concerns and considered diverse issues in candidate evaluation. However, an issue public's extremity in candidate evaluation was heightened, in that issue publics paid little attention to the implications of the information when the preservation goal was introduced. Implications for the field of communication are discussed.
Key Words: intrinsic motivation • issue publics • extrinsic motivation • selectivity • the Web
5-The Challenge of Engaging Youth Online
Contrasting Producers' and Teenagers' Interpretations of Websites
Sonia Livingstone
London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK, s.livingstone@lse.ac.uk
European Journal of Communication
June 2007, Volume 22, No. 2
http://ejc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/2/165
Media research has long known that those who produce content and those who receive it construe textual meaning differently. Such differences may be interpreted in political, cultural, institutional and psychological terms. However, the insights from audience reception and ethnographic studies have yet fully to inform research on responses to online content. This article addresses attempts to overcome youth civic disengagement through the design and promotion of public sector, Internet-based content and services. Specifically, it integrates interviews with website producers and teenage users to compare and contrast the encoding and decoding processes in an exemplar website (www.epal.tv). An analysis in terms of genre reveals a range of communicative challenges for website producers in terms of subject matter, formal composition and mode of address. Further, critical questions arise in relation to the action consequences of online participation, interface design as this relates to teens' Internet literacy, and the power relations instantiated between producer and user. It is concluded that audience studies can constructively be extended to the analysis of Internet use and, substantively, that the policy challenge lies less in the question of whether youth is civically engaged and more in the question of who will listen to youth if and when they do become so engaged.
Key Words: civic engagement • encoding/decoding • Internet • political participation • youth websites
6-Public interest, media neglect
Martin Moore
Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Oxford University
British Journalism Review
June 2007, Volume 18, No. 2
http://bjr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/33
"Public interest journalism" is in mortal danger, argues Moore, director of the Media Standards Trust. "The threats come from four directions", he writes, " – from an untrusting Government no longer convinced of the value of the fourth estate; from increasingly powerful and image conscious corporations; from a bombarded and bewildered public; and from a media that is failing to live up to its public interest responsibilities." The media is also failing to explain, inform and analyse, he believes: "In the increasingly cutthroat and competitive media environment, news outlets are choosing to emphasise the subjective, the personal, the emotional and the sensational." He concludes: "If genuine public interest journalism is to have a future, it has to be promoted and nurtured – and this will not happen until people recognise the extent of the danger we face."
7-Perceptions of Political Bias in the Headlines of Two Major News Organizations
Jeffrey N. Weatherly
Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8380, jeffrey_weatherly@ und.nodak.edu
Thomas V. Petros
Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8380
Kimberly M. Christopherson
Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8380
Erin N. Haugen
University of California, Davis Medical Center, 2230 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817
The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics
1 April 2007; Vol. 12, No. 2
http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/2/91?etoc
Although claims of media bias are abundant, systematic and scientific investigations of potential biases are rare. The present study was an attempt to determine whether a perception of bias would be found in the headlines of lead or major stories taken from the Web sites of two major American news organizations, CNN and FOX News, during the final two months of the 2004 presidential campaign. Significant perceptions of bias were found. Overall, headlines taken from CNN were rated as significantly more liberal than those taken from FOX News. Headlines taken from FOX News were rated as slightly on the liberal side of neutral. With CNN's headlines slightly to the left of FOX News', instructing participants that the headlines came from a particular source did not influence the results. Although the study by no means provides the definitive answer to whether major news organizations have biases, it indicates that perceptions of bias exist.
Key Words: media bias • perceptions • CNN • FOX News
8-Trust in News Media
Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale
Matthias Kohring
University of Münster, Germany
Jörg Matthes
University of Zurich, Switzerland
Communication Research
1 April 2007; Vol. 34, No. 2
http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/2/231?etoc
The dimensions that individuals apply in evaluating the trustworthiness or credibility of news media bear great theoretical and practical relevance. In previous research, however, there is no standardized scale for the measurement of trust in news media. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present the development and validation of a multidimensional scale of trust in news media. A theoretically derived model is tested on a representative sample via confirmatory factor analysis. After some modifications, the model is then validated on another independent sample. These results confirm the hypothesis that trust in news media can be considered a hierarchical factor (of second order) that consists of four lower order factors, including trust in the selectivity of topics, trust in the selectivity of facts, trust in the accuracy of depictions, and trust in journalistic assessment. This model is the first validated scale of trust in news media in communication research.
Key Words: trust in media • credibility • scale development • confirmatory factor analysis
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با مطبوعات وروزنامه نگاري
1-Going public through writing
women journalists and gendered journalistic space in China, 1890s—1920s
Yong Z. Volz
School of Journalism at the University of Missouri at Columbia, volzy@missouri.edu
Media, Culture & Society
May 2007, Volume 29, No. 3
http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/3/469
This article examines the historical emergence of a women's public sphere in early 20th-century China, a time when modernization was at the top of the national agenda, by looking at how some women — who belonged to the scholar-gentry class and had experience of the West — became journalists. These women carved out a distinctively women's public sphere by establishing a press that was both for women and by women. While Chinese male intellectuals envisioned women's press merely as instrument for enlightening and educating women, women journalists promoted women's journalism as a public forum, particularly for women to participate in discussions of modernization. Struggling against the fact that women in China were traditionally perceived as a subordinate and incapable group, these women journalists had to utilize their elite background to claim credit for their writings and secure their place in the public discursive field.
Key Words: elite women • feminism • modernization • tradition • women's journalism • women's public sphere
2-Becoming a journalist
Journalism education and journalism culture
Simon Frith
Stirling Media Research Institute, Scotland,simon .frith@ed.ac.uk
Peter Meech
Stirling Media Research Institute, Scotland,p.h.meech@stir.ac.uk
Journalism
May 2007, Volume 8, No. 2
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/137
In the last 30 years there has been a transformation in the way in which young people in the UK have become journalists. Not only has journalism become a graduate occupation but there has also been a steady increase in the number of university journalism courses and degrees. This development has been greeted with both scepticism and anxiety by already established journalists, who argue that universities are unsuited to prepare new entrants for the `realities' of journalism as an occupation. This article reports on a survey of graduates from journalism programmes in Scotland. The evidence of this survey is, first, that a journalism degree is, in fact, an effective preparation for a successful journalism career and, second, that graduate journalists absorb news-room culture without difficulty, to the extent of discounting the value of their own `academic' journalism training. There is some evidence, though, that graduate journalists do bring a new perspective to the assessment of journalism as a career.
Key Words: careers • journalism education • journalism training • newsroom culture
3-The globalization of journalism online
A transatlantic study of news websites and their international readers
Neil Thurman
City University, UK, neilt@soi.city.ac.uk
Journalism
August 2007, Volume 8, No. 3
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/285
Some British news websites are attracting larger audiences than their American competitors in US regional and national markets. At the British news websites studied, Americans made up an average of 36 per cent of the total audience with up to another 39 per cent of readers from countries other than the USA. Visibility on portals like the Drudge Report and on indexes such as Google News brings considerable international traffic but is partly dependent on particular genres of story and fast publication times. Few news websites are willing to disclose breakdowns of their large numbers of international readers fearing a negative reaction from domestic advertisers. Some see little value in international readers — some of whom read 3 to 4 times fewer pages than their domestic counterparts. Others are actively selling advertising targeted at their international audience and even claiming their presence is beginning to change their news agenda.
Key Words: British news websites • globalization • international readers • online journalism • user metrics
4-Media oracles
The cultural significance and political import of news referring to future events
Motti Neiger
Netanya Academic College, Israel, mottin@netanya.ac.il
Journalism
August 2007, Volume 8, No. 3
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/309
As noted by Jaworski et al. (2003a, 2003b, 2004), a significant amount of news items refer to future events. This article examines the `discourse of the future' in order to identify its extent and different types. The research examined headlines in Israeli newspapers over a period of 18 years (1985—2003) and found that approximately 70 percent of the main headlines deal not only with past events but with future ones as well. Thus, contrary to the conventional perception of journalism, this type of journalism does not report what has already happened, but speculates on future events, whether directly or by quoting military or political figures.
The qualitative analysis suggests four types of discourse of the future: Predictable Future, Informed Assessment, Speculative Assessment, and Conjectured Future. During the last two decades, we can witness a gradual rise of speculation levels.
`The discourse of the future' carries cultural significance and political import. From the cultural standpoint, journalists encourage us to raise questions regarding the future of the community: What will happen next? Where do we go from here, in the short, medium and long term? What are our hopes? What do we fear most? Nevertheless, in the highest levels of speculation, such discourse bears political import because it provides fertile ground for releasing trial balloons, magnifying threats, creating solidarity, and justifying acts of government.
Key Words: Israel • journalism practice • news media • rhetoric • speculations
5-Media-generated Shortcuts: Do Newspaper Headlines Present Another Roadblock for Low-information Rationality?
Blake C. Andrew
Department of Political Science, McGill University, Leacock Building, Room 414, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7, blake.andrew@mcgill.ca .
The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics
1 April 2007; Vol. 12, No. 2
http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/2/24?etoc
This article identifies news headlines as media-generated shortcuts for heuristic information about politics. Functionally speaking, headlines are simplifying mechanisms that summarize and attract attention to what lies ahead (or below). Although previous research has demonstrated potentially powerful framing effects of headlines, comparatively little is known about the relationship actual news headlines have with the stories they introduce. This study aims to contribute to this area of research by comparing with their stories the content of newspaper headlines about the 2004 Canadian federal election campaign.The data set has been developed from a content analysis of news, opinion, and editorial articles about the election, drawn from five major Canadian daily newspapers during the campaign. Headlines and full-text stories both have been separately coded for emphasis (campaign oriented vs. issue oriented), party coverage, leader coverage, issues, and tone.The analysis shows a considerable difference between articles and their headlines in terms of emphasis and issue salience. It also demonstrates how the tone of election coverage appeared to change when viewed exclusively through the prism of the headlines versus the lens of full stories. Hence, voters who scanned headlines were supplied with a different set of heuristic cues than those paying closer attention.
Key Words: headlines • shortcuts • election news • low-information rationality
6-It's a Political Jungle Out There
How Four African Newspaper Cartoons Dehumanized and `Deterritorialized' African Political Leaders in the Post-Cold War Era
Lyombe Eko
School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Iowa, E322 Adler Journalism Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA, leo-eko@uiowa.edu
International Communication Gazette
1 June 2007; Vol. 69, No. 3
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/69/3/219?etoc
This article analyses cartoon images of African political leaders published in three African satirical newspapers: Le Cafard libéré (The Liberated Cockroach) of Senegal, Le Messager Popoli (Popoli Messenger) of Cameroon and Le Marabout (The Marabou) of Burkina Faso, and one `traditional newspaper', The Daily Nation of Nairobi, Kenya, during the post-Cold War period (1995—2004). The cartoons used transilience, the African narrative device whereby human beings are given animal attributes for purposes of satire, and `deterritorialization', whereby they are symbolically taken out of their natural `territories' in order to denounce the excesses of authoritarianism. Transilience and deterritorialization are counter-discourses that present the idea that authoritarianism is animalistic and self-destructive.
Key Words: / Africa / African cartoons / African satirical press / cartoon discourse / deterritorialization / media and democratization / transilience • visual communication
7-Does the Media Agenda Reflect the Candidates'Agenda?
Travis N. Ridout
Washington State University, 816 Johnson Tower, Troy Lane, Pullman, WA 99164-4880, tnridout@wsu.edu .
Rob Mellen, Jr.
Washington State University, 710 Johnson Tower, Troy Lane, Pullman, WA 99164-4880, rbmjr@wsu.edu .
The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics
1 April 2007; Vol. 12, No. 2
http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/2/44?etoc
This article examines whether the issue agendas of political
candidates are reflected in the coverage of the news media. In their coverage of political issues during a campaign, do the media follow the lead of the candidates, or do they chart their own course? The context for our investigation is five U.S. Senate races in 2002. Using television advertising to track the candidate agenda and using content analyses of both local newspapers and local television news broadcasts, we find that the degree of candidate-media issue convergence varies depending on both the state and the medium examined (television or newspapers).
Key Words: local news • campaigns • agenda setting
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با راديو و تلويزيون
1-Confessions to a new public: Video Nation Shorts
Nicole Matthews
LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY, n.d.matthews@lvjm.ac.uk
Media, Culture & Society
May 2007, Volume 29, No. 3
http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/3/435
Television made about `ordinary people' and featuring them speaking directly to the camera about their experiences has come to be a staple of popular broadcast television in the UK and elsewhere. This article focuses on one British series, Video Nation, produced between 1995 and 2000, which attempted to assemble a picture of the nation through the voices of such ordinary people. Where many more recent uses of `first person media' have situated themselves explicitly as entertainment television, the Video Nation project was firmly situated within public broadcasting and a tradition of access television. The makers set out to extend the 1930s Mass Observation project. Video Nation, however, attends not so much to the `public' world of graffiti or cinema-queue discussions of politicians as to personal narratives of domestic life. This article will discuss the significance of this shift in emphasis from the 1930s to the 1990s, a shift towards mapping the nation through practices of the self. The article will ask whether confessional style marks a renegotiation of the way we imagine public spaces.
Key Words: autobiography • Mass Observation • public sphere • television • testimony
2-Cultural Outlaws
An Examination of Audience Activity and Online Television Fandom
Victor Costello
Elon University
Barbara Moore
University of Tennessee
Television & New Media
1 May 2007; Vol. 8, No. 2
http://tvn.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/124?etoc
A web-based survey was used to collect qualitative data about online fans' use of the internet for keeping up with a favorite television program and for interacting with other fans. The textual responses from 757 participants were coded for patterns and themes related to theories of audience activity. The results reveal a continuum of activity from "lurkers" to a thriving, interpretive community of "outlaw" fans involved in the consumption and production of favored cultural texts. In contrast to historical images of rabid television fans, the researchers discovered a sophisticated audience, devoted to programs that make them think and that inspire meaningful exchanges in online discussions. Internet technologies have empowered these fans to more effectively organize en masse as resistors and shapers of commercial television narratives.
Key Words: active audience • fandom • audience studies •
cultural production • internet uses
3-Brand-new lifestyle: consumer-oriented programmes on Chinese television
Janice Hua Xu
Western Connecticut State University, Xuj@wcsu.edu
Media, Culture & Society
2007, Volume 29, No. 3May
http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/3/363
This article studies the growth of the consumer-oriented genre in Chinese television and examines the role of television in the construction of new class identities. The author discusses three kinds of programmes of this genre — market trend guides, `scam warning' reports, and skill-focused lifestyle programmes, providing case studies for each type. These developments indicate that television is playing an important role in the dynamics of class stratification in China through the creation of new cultural capital and the segmentation of audiences along socioeconomic lines. Although television has always been a part of the effort in building a homogenized national culture in China's modernization process, it is now contributing to the formation of class subjectivities and reinforcing the increasingly visible class divisions in society.
Key Words: Beijing Television Station • CCTV • class identity • cultural capital
4-Narrative mutations
French cinema and its relations with literature from Vichy towards the New Wave
Colin Nettelbeck
University of Melbourne, cnettel@unimelb.edu.au
journal of European Studies
June 2007, Volume 37, No. 2
http://jes.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/37/2/159
In the most prominent article of nouvelle vague self-
definition — that of the filmmaker as `auteur' — the new French cinema was underlining its relationship with the literary tradition that had been both pathway and obstacle to its independence. This paper examines a particularly intense phase of French cinema's quest for `high culture' legitimacy, namely the period covering the Occupation and the rise of the New Wave — 1940 to 1958. It evaluates how the combination of historical circumstance and Vichy government policy enhanced the position of cinema relative to literature, and opened the way for subsequent developments in literary and cinematographic expression, both as independent arts and in their interrelationship. Concentrating on works of fiction, it adopts the Ricoeurian view that such narratives afford crucial insight not only into artistic production, but also into the identity of the society that produced it.
Key Words: cinema • film • literature • narrative • New Wave • novel • Vichy
5-The Use of Narrative Structures in Television News
An Experiment in Innovative Forms of Journalistic Presentation
Marcel Machill
University of Leipzig, Burgstr. 21, 04109 Leipzig, Germany, machill@uni-leipzig.de
Sebastian Köhler
Training Editorial Office for Television at the University of Leipzig, Burgstr. 21, 04109 Leipzig, Germany, sebkoe@uni-leipzig.de
Markus Waldhauser
Deutschlandradio (Deutschlandfunk/Deutschlandradio Kultur), Leostr. 13, 50823 Köln, Germany,
markus@waldhauser-online.de
European Journal of Communication
June 2007, Volume 22, No. 2
http://ejc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/2/185
The content of TV news is often not retained or understood by the audience. This article discusses a concept for increasing retention and comprehension levels relating to TV news. Results of an experimental reception analysis with 215 participants show that retention and comprehension can be improved by employing a narrative device to present TV news. Adopting a narrative form for TV news also gives a clearer distance and perspective to the news content, which has advantages for social communication.
Key Words: comprehension and retention of TV news •
dramaturgy • plot and story • experimental studies • narrativity • television news
6-News values for consumer groups
The case of Independent Radio News, London, UK
Sarah Niblock
Brunel University, UK,Sarah.Niblock@brunel.ac.uk
David Machin
University of Leicester, UK,dm148@le.ac.uk
Journalism
May 2007, Volume 8, No. 2]
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/184
National news agencies, staffed by fewer than a dozen journalists per shift in some cases, are able to produce ready-made news bulletins for hundreds of national and regional radio stations. These bulletins are tailor made to meet target audience criteria crucial for maintaining listener figures. Criticisms of market-driven journalism from media sociologists have focused on so-called `dumbing down'. However, our reflexive ethnographic research into everyday news decision-making, gathering and writing at a major UK news agency, Independent Radio News, suggests a more sophisticated process at work. Journalists were targeting lifestyle groups through careful selection and use of language, to ensure their news was accessible and engaging. The study questions whether news values have become secondary to a range of lifestyle targeting criteria, and considers the implications for journalism's role in society. We examine the processes and practices of news targeting for consumer groups through three days of close observation and a series of reflexive interviews with senior editorial staff.
Key Words: ethnography • news targeting • news values • radio journalism • reflexive
7-The Complicated Transition to Broadcast Digital Television in the United States
Mari Castañeda
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Television & New Media
May 2007, Volume 8, No. 2
http://tvn.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/91
This article examines three major policy issues surrounding the transition to broadcast digital television (B-DTV): digital transmission and programming, interoperability and compatibility, and copyright protection. By examining these issues in the B-DTV transition, this article aims to show the discontinuity between the current B-DTV changeover and the most commonly referred to changeovers in TV history, color television. The comparison points to the transformation of television as an important component in the national and global information infrastructures. The article suggests that the long, complicated journey to B-DTV demonstrates the limitations of broadcast policy in its attempts to reconfigure the technological, political, economic, and cultural features of analog media to reach the digital promise land. With the features of traditional television in flux and the contradictions of global capital quite apparent, the changeover to B-DTV is going to be more drawn out and costly than the transition to color TV.
Key Words: digital television • media policy • political economy • Federal Communications Commission
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با مطالعات اجتماعي
1-Cultural Theory and its Futures
Introduction
Couze Venn
Nottingham Trent University
Theory, Culture & Society
May 2007, Volume 24, No. 3
http://tcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/49
This introduction surveys a number of problems for contemporary cultural theory, which arise from the transformations in culture that have been produced by developments ranging from the globalization of third wave capitalism to the emergence of tele-technologies. It summarizes arguments presented by Lash, Thoburn, Johnson, Terranova and Venn, as well as a number of reflections on the state of cultural studies outside Euro-America, to present alternative genealogies of cultural studies and open up new sites for theoretical elaboration.
Key Words: affect • biopolitics • civil society • class • conduct • Cultural Typhoon • neovitalism • netwar • new media • ontology • postcolonialism • post-hegemony • public opinion • publics • race war • society of control • sovereignty
2-Patterns of Production
Cultural Studies after Hegemony
Nicholas Thoburn
University of Manchester
Theory, Culture & Society
1 May 2007; Vol. 24, No. 3
http://tcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/79?etoc
While the concept of hegemony had a central place in the crystallization of 1980s cultural studies, recent developments in cultural economy, information and communication technologies, and globalization suggest a decline in the utility of the frameworks of democracy and the 'logic of equivalence' that lie at the heart of the hegemony thesis and its conception of the social. This article considers how cultural studies is engaging with this situation by arguing that a set of themes can be seen that approach power and culture through an expanded understanding of production, a production considered as the patterning – or mobilization, arrangement and distribution – of rich social, technical, economic and affective relations. The perspective of production does not carry the unifying project that hegemony and democracy gave to an earlier cultural studies, but is instead composed of diverse problematics that suggest heterogeneous sites of critical intervention and politicization. Situating the discussion in the frame of Deleuze's figure of 'control society', the article explores the overlapping themes of communication, affect, fear, work, class and war.
Key Words: affect • control society • cultural studies • hegemony • production
3-Power after Hegemony
Cultural Studies in Mutation?
Scott Lash
Centre for Cultural Studies at Goldsmiths College, London University
Theory, Culture & Society
1 May 2007; Vol. 24, No. 3
http://tcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/55?etoc
The treatment in what follows of the politics of hegemony is not per se one of Gramsci, or Laclau or of Stuart Hall's earlier work. At stake is something that encompasses a more general regime of power that will be developed throughout the length of this: what might be called 'extensive politics'. What I will try to show is that such extensive power or such an extensive politics is being progressively displaced by a politics of intensity. I will trace the shift from hegemony or extensive politics to such an intensive politics in terms of: 1) a transition to an ontological regime of power, from a regime that in important respects is 'epistemological', 2) a shift in power from the hegemonic mode of 'power over' to an intensive notion of power from within (including domination from within) and power as generative force, 3) a shift from power and politics in terms of normativity to a regime of power much more based in what can be understood as a 'facticity'. This points to a general transition from norm to fact in politics. From hegemonic norm to what we will see are intensive facts. The fourth section will look at this shift through a change from an extensive (and hegemonic) regime of representation to an intensive regime of communications.
Key Words: communication • extensive politics • facticity • generative rule • intensive politics • ontological power • post-hegemonic pouvoir • power • puissance • the symbolic • transcendental empiricism • ubiquitous politics • vitalization
4-Are `Sensational' News Stories More Likely to Trigger Viewers' Emotions than Non-Sensational News Stories?
A Content Analysis of British TV News
Rodrigo Uribe
School of Business, The University of Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 257, Of. 1104, Santiago, Chile, ruribe@unegocios.cl
Barrie Gunter
Department of Media and Communication, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK, bg45@le.ac.uk
European Journal of Communication
Vol. 22, No. 2, 207
http://ejc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/2/207
This article considers whether `sensational' news stories are intrinsically more likely to elicit emotional responses in audiences than other TV news stories. The research analyses a sample of British televised news in respect of empirically validated attributes, to identify the presence of particular content elements that audience research has shown to possess emotion-eliciting capabilities. The results show that news stories traditionally classified as `sensational' — a term that implies a dramatic and therefore emotion-arousing imperative — do not necessarily contain more emotionally arousing features than other types of news story. Only crime stories (among the most frequently occurring `sensational' news categories) and, to a limited extent, political stories (a classic `non-sensational' news topic) provide clear manifestations of the presence of high and low emotion-laden attributes. Moreover, those topics containing more emotion-laden material are not the same over time or across public and commercial TV channels.
Key Words: content analysis • emotionality • sensationalism • tabloidization • television news
5-When Available Resources Become Negative Resources
The Effects of Cognitive Overload on Memory Sensitivity and Criterion Bias
Julia R. Fox
Indiana University, Bloomington, jurfox@indiana.edu
Byungho Park
National University of Singapore
Annie Lang
Indiana University, Bloomington
Communication Research
June 2007, Volume 34, No. 3
http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/3/277
This study uses signal detection measures and secondary task reaction times (STRTs) to examine the effects of structural complexity and information density on processing television messages. Of particular interest are results pertaining to cognitive overload experienced while processing structurally complex and informationally dense messages. When required resources exceed available resources—that is, when a state of cognitive overload is reached—both memory sensitivity and criterion bias drop dramatically while STRTs get faster. The results provide support for the contention that secondary task reaction times are often very fast during highly complex messages because the system is overloaded and therefore resources are shifted from the primary task to the secondary task. Also of interest, the liberal shift in criterion bias starts before overload has occurred, suggesting that criterion bias may be tracking available resources.
Key Words: limited capacity • signal detection • secondary task reaction time
6-Social movements and email: expressions of online identity in the globalization protests
Melissa A. Wall
California State University - Northridge, USA,meliSSa.a.wall@cSun.edu
New Media & Society
1 April 2007; Vol. 9, No. 2
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/2/258?etoc
This study focuses on three email lists — one used by a professional organization (Friends of the Earth) and two by grass roots, street-level participants (Direct Action Network and People's Global Action) — in the Seattle World Trade Organization protests. Each list was examined in terms of how it contributed to the expression of collective identities online. Each group's list employed at least one of three processes identified here as key to collective identity: the Friends of the Earth list emphasized cognitive framing of the event; Direct Action Network focused on emotional investments among list members; and People's Global Action stressed setting boundaries among movement participants.Yet overall, none of the lists was entirely successful as a vehicle for expressing movement identities, suggesting that while the internet may facilitate certain organizational activities of social movements, it appears to have less impact on their symbolic ones.
Key Words: collective identity •email •globalization • internet • social movement • WTO
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